名词性从句
定义：在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于
名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在
句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
名词性从句中的连接词有:
连词: that / whether / as if(though);
连接代词: what / who/ which / whose /
whatever / whoever / whomever
/ whichever，
连接副词: where / when / why / how
/ wherever / whenever。
?连词: 引导从句，但在从句中不作成分
that ：无词义，不作成分，起连接作用
whether/if：“是否”不作成分，起连接作用
If只用于宾从中
as if(though)：“好象”只连接表语从句
?连接代词：引导从句，并在从句中作成分
What（ever）：（无论）什么，作主，宾，表，定语
which（ever）：（无论）哪一个（些）作主，宾，表，定语
Who（ever） ： “（无论）谁（主格）”作主，宾
Whom（ever ）：“ （无论）谁（宾格）”作宾 whose （ever ）：“（无论）谁的，作定
?连接副词: 引导从句，作状语
?When （ever ） ：“ 什么时候” 作状语
?where ：“ 什么地方”
?how ：怎样
?why ：为什么
?从句中用陈述句序：疑问词+陈述句语序
分类词形词义作从句的成分注意点
连接词that//宾从中可省
whether/if是否/If只用于宾从中有or not时不能用
as if(though)好象//
连接代词What（ever）（无论）什么，作主，宾，表，定语…….东西，……事情
which（ever）（无论）哪一个（些）作主，宾，表，定语/
Who（ever）“（无论）谁（主格）”作主，宾/
Whom（ever ）“ （无论）谁（宾格） ”作宾/
whose （ever ）“（无论）谁的，作定/
连接副词When （ever） “什么时候”作状语/
where“什么地方”作状语/
how怎样作状语/
why为什么作状语/
根据句子的结构可分为：① 简单句-------一主一谓
②并列句-------由等立连词and, but, so, for把两个（以上）的简单句连在一起构成。
③复合句--------一个主句+从句（一个或以上）构成。
根据从句在复合句中的作用，分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。
名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。
１．主语从句-----在句中作主语，可用it作形式主语
e.g. What you said sounds reasonable.
It is well known/reported/thought/said/… that…
It is natural/surprising/necessary/certain/true/clear… that…
It is a pity/a shame/an honour/no surprise/no wonder… that…
It doesn’t matter whether…
It seems\appears that… It happens that…碰巧
2．表语从句-----位于系动词之后,表语从句还可用as if/as though/because/why引导
e.g. The question is who can complete the difficult task.
３．同位语从句-----跟在名词后面，进一步说明该名词的具体内容。名词主要有：fact, news（word）, promise, idea, truth, thought, suggestion, hope, proposal, doubt等。一般用that引导，不省略，不用which..也可用whether (不用if), who, what, which, when, where, how , why
e.g. The news that our team has won the match is true.
4．宾语从句
1）作及物动词或介词的宾语（it可作形式宾语；注意whether和if区别）
2)直接引语和间接引语
I doubt whether\if he will keep his word. I don’t doubt that our team will win.
一．引导词
1.从属连词有that, whether, if。它们只起连接作用，不充当从句的任何成分
2.连接代词有who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whoever, whichever等。它们在从句中起连接作用，本身又作从句的主语、宾语、宾补或定语。
3．连接副词有when, where, why, how 等，它们既起连接作用，本身又作从句的状语。
how many(much, far, long, often,soon)等引导主语、宾语、表语从句
二．语序： 名词性从句中一律用陈述句语序
When he will arrive is not known.
I don't know how I can get through the exam.
三．时态
1．在宾语从句中，当主句是一般现在时，其从句的谓语根据各种需要用各种时态
Mary is very diligent. Mary was very diligent.
Mary is reading English. Tom said Mary was reading English.
Tom says Mary will give us a talk. Mary would give us a talk.
Mary has been caught in the rain. Mary had been caught in the rain.
但是，宾语从句表示事实、格言、谚语等，从句的时态仍用一般现在时。
2．在主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中，也要注意主从句的谓语动词要一致，关键要注意动作发生的先后。
Who will win the first prize in the contest is not known to us.
Have you any idea why he was so rude?
四、语气
1．只要表示“命令、建议、要求”的各类名词性从句，都要用虚拟语气 should + 动词原形，should 可以省略。
had done necessary/ important
2.wish did (be --were) 3. It is strange (should) +动词原形
would do a pity/ a shame
五．宾语从句否定词的转移 I don't think he will come.
六、 if和whether表“是否”，一般情况下可以通用，下列情况下不可通用。
1．主语从句句首 2．表语从句 3．介词之后
4．不定式之前 5．紧跟or not 6. 同位语从句
7. 宾语从句前移Whether she will win the game, I’m not sure.
七．that和what
that不充当任何成分，what可以在从句中充当成分：主语、宾语、表语。that在宾语从句中可以省略。下面几种情况不可以省略：
1．主语从句 2. 表语从句
3. 同位语从句
Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects.
4. it作形式宾语，that 引导的真正宾语从句
They want to make it clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job.
5. 两个或多个并列的that引导的宾语从句，只有第一个that可省
Mr smith told the workers( that )John had worked very hard and that he wanted him stay.
八．1． Whoever=anyone who, whichever, whatever=anything that = 名词/代词+（相关的）连接代词
He gave whoever came to the door a smile.= He gave any person who came to the door a smile.
比较：He asked me who broke the glass.（正确） 他问我是谁打的玻璃。
He asked me whoever broke the glass.（错误）
Whoever goes against law shall be punished.（正确） 违法的人将受罚。
Who goes against law shall be punished.（错误）
2．wh-ever与no matter wh-的用法区别
wh-ever可引导名词性从句，让步状语从句；no matter wh-只能引导让步状语从句
Whatever I said, he wouldn’t listen to me.让步状语从句
==No matter what I said, he wouldn’t listen to me.
He would believe whatever I said.宾语从句
九．同位语从句的that和定语从句的that的区别
1. The news that our team had won made us very happy.
同位语从句，that在抽象名次之后，对其作补充说明，在从句中不充当成分，不可省
2. The news (that) he brought us made us very happy.
定语从句，that在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，作宾语可省。
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