直接引语和间接引语
一. 定义
交际中我们常常需要引述别人说的话，一种是一字不差地直接引用别人的话，放在引号内，称为直接引语（The Direct Speech）, 另一种是间接地引述别人的话，称为间接引语( The Indirect Speech)。例如：
He said, “I will choose a book from my students.” 他说：“我将为学生选一本书。”
= He said that he would choose a book from his student. 他说他将为学生选一本书。
二. 直接引语与间接引语的转化
1. 标点符号的变化：
He said to me, “Don’t live in London!”
= He told me not to live in London.
2. 语序的变化： 疑问语序变为陈述语序。
He said to me, “Do you live in London?”
= He asked me if/whether I lived in London.
3. 动词的变化： say (to) 在陈述句中多变为tell等词，在疑问句中多变为ask等词，在祈使句中表示命令多变为tell, order等词，表请求时多变为ask等词。
He said to me, “Could you please live in London?”
= He asked me if/whether I could live in London.
= He asked me to live in London.
4. 连接词的变化：
连接词1. 陈述句用that连接He said to me, “I live in London.”
= He told me that he lived in London.
2. 一般（选择，反意）疑问句用if或whether连接 He said to me, “Do you live in London?”
= He asked me if/whether I lived in London.
He asked me, “Do you live in London or Paris?”
= He asked me if/whether I lived in London or Paris.
He asked me, “You live in London, don’t you?”
= He asked me if/whether I lived in London.
3. 特殊疑问句仍用原的特殊疑问词连接 He said to me, “When do you live in London?”
= He asked me when I lived in London.
5. 时态的变化：
时态变化1. 如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时态，间接引语中的动词时态保持不变。 He says, “I live in London.”
= He says that he lives in London.
He says, “I have lived in London for years.”
= He says that he has lived in London for years.
2. 如果主句中的谓语动词是过去时态，间接引语中的动词时态作如下变化：
一般现在时---一般过去时
一般将时---过去将时
现在完成时---过去完成时
现在进行时---过去进行时
一般过去时---过去完成时He said, “I live in London.”
= He said that he lived in London.
He said, “I am living in London no”
= He said that he was living in London then.
He said, “I will live in London next year.”
= He said that he would live in London the next year.
He said, “I lived in London for years.”
= He said that he had lived in London for years.
3. 但是过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将时保持不变。
He said, “When I saw her, she was living in London.”
= He said that when he saw her she was living in London.
He said, “When I got to London, she had lived there for years.”
= He said that when he got to London, she had lived there for years.
4. 表示过去具体年份的状语不变。He said, “I was born in 1956.”
= He said that he was born in 1956.
5. 表示真理，格言，谚语等不受时间限制的句子不变。He said, “The earth turns around the sun.”
= He said that the earth turns around the sun.
6. 强调所谈情况仍然存在时不变。She said that the bus leaves at 5:40. (公交车尚未开走)
He told me that he works as a teacher. （现在仍是教师）
7. could, would, should, needn’t, had better, ought to, used to等情态动词不变。He said, “I would like to live in London.”
= He said that he would like to live in London.
He said, “I used to live in London.”
= He said that he used to live in London.
6. 人称代词的变化：
人称代词变化1. 一主（根据引号外的主语变换引号内的人称代词）Tom said to ate, “I have finished my homework.”
= Tom and ate that he had already finished his homework.
2. 二宾（根据引号外的宾语变换引号内的人称代词）Tom said to ate, “You speak English better than me.”
= Tom told ate that she spoke English better than him.
3. 三不变（第三人称不变）Tom asked ike, “Does she often come to school late?”
= Tom asked ike if/whether she often went to school late.
7. 指示代词，地点副词，动词, 时间状语的变化
指示代词，地点副词，动词变化1.指示代词的变化：
this—that these—thoseHe said to me, “I’ve known you since you came to this place.”
= He told me that he had known me since I went to that place.
He said to me, “Will you come here today or tomorrow?”
= He asked me if I would go there that day or the next day.
He said to me, “Did you come yesterday, a few days ago or last Sunday?”
=He asked me if I had gone the day before, a few days before or the Sunday before.
She said, “I’ll bring you this book next month.”
=She said that he would go there again that night.
She said, “He will come here again tonight.”
= She said that he would go there again that night.
He asked me, “Did you leave London yesterday morning or the day before yesterday?”
= He asked me if I had left London the morning before or two days before.
2.地点副词的变化：
here—there now—then
3.动词的变化：
come—go bring—take
4.时间状语的变化：
today—that day tonight—that night
yesterday—the day before
yesterday morning—the morning before
last week—the week before
next week—the next week
tomorrow—the next day
tomorrow morning—the next morning
3 days ago—3 days before
the day after tomorrow—in 2 day’s time
练习
一.单项选择
1. He asked ____ for the violin.
A.Did I pay how muchB. I paid how much
C. how much did I payD. how much I paid
2. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see _____.
A.who is heB. who he isC. who is itD. who it is
3. Can you tell me ____?
A.how good is his spoken EnglishB. hoell his spoken English is
C. hoell he speaks EnglishD. how good he can speak English
4. He said that he had bought the jacket____.
A.before three days B. three days beforeC. three days ago D. last week
5. Did you say_____?
A. that what he said was true B. that it was true that he said
C. what did he say was trueD. what he said it was true
6. Please tell me ____ from.
A.where do you comeB. where you come
C. where you will comeD. there you come
7. Ask her ____ come with us.
A.if she willB. if or not she will
C. that if she willD. whether will she
8. The driver said that he ____ pick ____ a passenger at West Street.
A.will, upB. would, up C. will, out D. would, out
9. He said he ___ in 1993.
A.has bornB. had been bornC. had born D. was born
10. John ___ me he was going to help me with my English.
A. explainedB. spokeC. toldD. said
11. He asked me _______ I would go to Beijing by air the next day.
A. that ofB. ifC. that whetherD. how
12. other asked the youngest kid ________ with his toy car.
A. what the matter wasB. what was the matter
C. what the matter isD. what is the matter
1-5. DDCBA6-10 BABDC11-12 BB
二. 将下列直接引语改写成间接引语
1. He said, “I have been here about ten times.”
2. ary said, “I have sold my house in London.”
3. The man said, “Smoking is strictly forbidden here.”
4. Ann said, “She moved to Paris in 1956.”
5. r. Black said, “We started learning Chinese last month.”
6. ary said, “Why didn’t you stop here yesterday?”
7. Shaw said to Ann, “Your brother will give you a nice gift.”
8. y wife said to me, “Don’t sleep with the window open.”
9. I asked Tom, “Do you live on the fourteenth floor or the fifteenth floor?”
10. He asked, “Should I go with you, Linda?”
11. The teacher said to the students, “Water boils at 100℃.”
12. The nurse said to Grey, “Leave the ward quietly.”
13. He said, “How lovely the house is!”
14. “Would you buy me some stamps?” he said to me.
15. “Who left the banana skin on my desk?” said Cathy.
16. “Are you leaving today or tomorrow morning?” said his secretary.
17. She said, “How long will it take me to fly to that city?”
18. “Where were you last night?” she said.
19. “It is foggy today,” I said.
20. He said, “I must go at once.”
ey
1. He said that he had been there about ten times.
2. ary said that she had sold her house in London.
3. The man said that smoking was strictly forbidden there.
4. Ann said that she moved to Paris in 1956.
5. r. Black said that they had started learning Chinese the month before.
6. ary asked why I hadn’t stopped her the day before.
7. Shaw told Ann that her brother would give her a nice gift.
8. y wife told me not to sleep with the windows open.
9. I asked Tom whether he lived on the fourteenth floor or the fifteenth floor.
10. He asked Linda whether he should go with her.
11. The teacher told the students that water boils at 100℃.
12. The nurse told Grey to leave the ward quietly.
13. He said how lovely the house was.
14. He asked me to buy some stamps for him.
15. Cathy asked who had left the banana skin on her desk.
16. His secretary asked whether he was leaving that day or the next morning.
17. She asked how long it would take her to fly to that city.
18. She asked where I had been the night before.
19. I said that it was foggy that day.
20. He said that he would have to go at once.
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