过去分词
一、概念
过去分词是非谓语动词的一种，表示动作的被动或完成。过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾—ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
二、用法
过去分词与现在分词一样，作用相当于形容词和副词，在句中可充当定语、表语、补语、状语。
1、作定语
①单个的过去分词作定语，绝大部分情况下放在所修饰的名词前面，过去分词短语作定语则一定要放在所修饰的名词后面。
leaves 落叶 sun 已升起的太阳
people 困在电梯里的人
注意：a. 如果被修饰的词是由some/ any / no+thing / body / one 所形成的不定代词或指示代词
those等时，虽然一个单一的分词作形容词用，也要放在被修饰词之后。
Is there anything ? 还有什么问题没有解决吗？
b. left, concerned (有关的)作后置定语。
剩余的钱 有关的学生
②过去分词作定语时与定语从句的关系：及物动词的过去分词可改为定语从句。
the time = the time 失去的时间
The student is his daughter.
=The student who is his daughter.
在考试中被抓住作弊的那个学生是他的女儿。
③一些过去分词转化的形容词修饰look, smile, voice, expression等名词，表示人的情感。
From his (puzzle) expression, I know he hasn’t understood it.
2、作表语
过去分词作表语时并无“完成”或“被动”之意，表示主语的感情或状态。
I felt (disappoint) at his behavior.
过去分词作表语不要与被动语态混为一体。它们的主要区别是：被动语态表示主语所承受的动作，过去分词作表语表示主语的特点或所处的状态。试比较：
The window is broken.
The window was broken by that boy .
3、作补足语
过去分词可在某些动词如make, have, get, find, leave, keep, see, hear, notice, watch, feel等动词或某些介词如with的宾语之后作宾语补足语。用来表示该动作的被动、完成。
I heard the song several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
With the work , they went out to play.工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
Please get the report as soon as possible.请尽快把报告打出来。
4、作状语
过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。
过去分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、方式或伴随、条件、让步等情况。
①表示时间
, the park looks very beautiful. 从山上看，这公园看起来很漂亮。
, the dictionary will be very popular. 一旦出版，这字典会很受欢迎。
②表示原因
, he was all wet.因为淋了一场大雨，他全身湿透了。
, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。
③表示方式或伴随
, the old man went into the room.
那位老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。
The teacher walked into the classroom, .
老师走进教室，他的学生跟在后面。
④表示条件
, we could do the work better.
要是给更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
, you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。
⑤表示让步
, he refused to betray his country.
虽然受到敌人的严刑拷打，他仍然不出卖国家。
, the farmers were still working in the fields.
尽管有风暴警告，农民们仍在地里干活。
注意：
a. 过去分词作状语时，逻辑主语一般与句子的主语一致，如不一致，必须加上逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。
All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied.
所有的书期末时都还了，图书管理员很高兴。
The boy rushed into the classroom, .
这男孩冲进教室，脸上全是汗。
b. 当when , unless , once, if , whenever, though , although 等连词引导的状语从句中的主语与主句的主语一致，且从句为被动语态时，从句可用省略形式，即“连接词+动词的过去分词”形式。
, he said nothing .当问到他时，他什么也没说。
, the medicine has no side effects.如果按说明服用，这药没有副作用。
三、过去分词的否定式：not+过去分词
The house will look smaller if .
如果这房子不刷成白色，就会显得小些。
, the trees died.
没有得到好好的照顾，这些树死了。
, he felt very disappointed.
没得到老师的表扬，他很失望。
四、一些过去分词短语单独作状语，如born in …, dressed in …, lost in …, buried in …, absorbed in …, prepared for …等。
(陷入沉思)，he didn’t notice what had happened.
(穿着白衣服),she looks more beautiful.
(坐在桌子旁), my father and I were talking about my job.
The policeman put down the phone, with a smile on his face.
A. satisfiedB. satisfyingC. to be satisfiedD. having satisfied
语法随堂练习 No.9
一、短语翻译
1. 一艘沉船 2. 一支点着的烟
3. 一个醉酒的人 4. 一次有组织的旅行
5. 发达国家 6. 发展中国家
7. 已升起的太阳 8. 正在升起的太阳
9. 一个叫James的人 10. 一个自称James的人
二、用动词的适当形式填空
1. (bear) into a poor family, the boy has only two years of schooling.
2. (compare) with many others, English Weekly is a more (satisfy) newspaper.
3. The young girl left the place, (determine) never to come back again.
4. The noise of planes is likely to cause deafness if (hear) continually.
5. (compare) with his sister , he feels very lucky .
6. The (surprise) look on his face suggested that he hadn’t expected that.
7. The result of the test was rather (disappoint). He was very (disappoint) at it.
8. I’ve never heard the word (use) in spoken English.
9. They often saw the boy (beat) by his master.
10. I’ll have the book (bring) over to you.
11. Where did you get your watch (repair)?
12. Deeply (involve) in my book, I didn’t hear you knock.
三、选择
( )1. in a friendly way, their quarrel came to an end.
A. Being settledB. SettledC. Having settledD. Settling
( )2. one of the leading poets in America today , Sonia has also written a number of novels and
plays.
A. Considering beingB. ConsideredC Having considered asD. To consider
( )3. It was getting dark; I found a car in a pool by the side of the road.
A. to be stuckB. stuckC. stickingD. stick
( )4. The thief fell to the ground, his left foot and blood down from his mouth.
A. breaking, runningB. broken, running
C. breaking, runD. broken, run
( )5. When he came to himself, he found himself on a chair, with his hands back.
A. to sit, tyingB. sitting, tyingC. seating, tiedD. seated, tied
( )6. and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
A. SurprisingB. Surprised
C. Being surprisedD. To be surprising
( )7. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it often enough.
A. explainingB. to explainC. explainD. explained
( )8. in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
A. DressedB. To dressC. DressingD. Having dressed
( )9. When help, one often says “Thank you! ”or “ It’s very kind of you!”
A. offeringB. to offerC. to be offeredD. offered
( )10. more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. GivenB. To giveC. GivingD. Having given
( )11. from the moon, our earth, with water seventy percent of its surface, appears as a “blue ball”.
A. Seeing, coveringB. Seeing, coveredC. Seen, coveringD. To see, covered
( )12. What’s the language in Germany?
A. speakingB. spokenC. be spokenD. to spoken
( )13. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself .
A. hearB. to hearC. hearingD. heard
( )14. The Olympic Games, in 776 BC, did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing
( )15. Cleaning women in big cities usually get by the hour.
A. payB. payingC. paidD. to pay
( )16. From his look on his face, the price of meat must have risen.
A. disappointedB. disappointingC. satisfiedD. satisfying
( )17. in thought , he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. LosingB. Having lostC. LostD. To lose
( )18. Most of the artists to the party were from South Africa.
A. invitedB. to inviteC. being invitedD. had been invited
( )19. The computer center, last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. openB. openingC. having openedD. opened
( )20. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying outC. carried outD. to carry out
( )21. with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.
A. To faceB. Having facedC. FacedD. Facing
( )22. —How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
—The key the problem is to meet the demand by the customers.
A. to solving, makingB. to solving, madeC. to solve, makingD. to solve, made
( )23. It shames me to say it ,but I told a lie when at the meeting by my boss.
A. questioningB. having questionedC. questionedD. to be questioned
( )24. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain as the plane was making a landing.
A. seatB. seatingC. seatedD. to be seating
( )25. to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
A. ExposedB. Having exposedC. Being exposedD. After being exposed
( )26. many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.
A. Having been toldB. Though he had been told
C. He was toldD. Having told
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