(泰戈尔是垂柳 纪伯伦是沙砾)
Innovation
　　The term innovation may refer to both radical and incremental changes in thinking, in things, in processes or in services (Mckeown, 2008) Invention that gets out in to the world is innovation. In many fields, something new must be substantially different to be innovative, not an insignificant change, e.g., in the arts, economics, business and government policy. In economics the change must increase value, customer value, or producer value. The goal of innovation is positive change, to make someone or something better. Innovation leading to increased productivity is the fundamental source of increasing wealth in an economy.
　　Innovation is an important topic in the study of economics, business, technology, sociology, and engineering. Colloquially, the word "innovation" is often used as synonymous with the output of the process. Since innovation is also considered a major driver of the economy, the factors that lead to innovation are also considered to be critical to policy makers.
思考的芦苇 (泰戈尔是垂柳 纪伯伦是沙砾)
　　Innovation in organizations
　　A convenient definition of innovation from an organizational perspective is given by Luecke and Katz (2003), who wrote:
　　"Innovation . . . is generally understood as the successful introduction of a new thing or method . . . Innovation is the embodiment, combination, or synthesis of knowledge in original, relevant, valued new products, processes, or services.
　　Innovation typically involves creativity, but is not identical to it: innovation involves acting on the creative ideas to make some specific and tangible difference in the domain in which the innovation occurs. For example, Amabile et al (1996) propose:
　　"All innovation begins with creative ideas . . . We define innovation as the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization. In this view, creativity by individuals and teams is a starting point for innovation; the first is necessary but not sufficient condition for the second".
　　For innovation to occur, something more than the generation of a creative idea or insight is required: the insight must be put into action to make a genuine difference, resulting for example in new or altered business processes within the organisation, or changes in the products and services provided.
　　A further characterization of innovation is as an organizational or management process. For example, Davila et al (2006), write:
　　"Innovation, like many business functions, is a management process that requires specific tools, rules, and discipline."
　　From this point of view the emphasis is moved from the introduction of specific novel and useful ideas to the general organizational processes and procedures for generating, considering, and acting on such insights leading to significant organizational improvements in terms of improved or new business products, services, or internal processes.
　　Through these varieties of viewpoints, creativity is typically seen as the basis for innovation, and innovation as the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization (c.f. Amabile et al 1996 p.1155). From this point of view, creativity may be displayed by individuals, but innovation occurs in the organizational context only.
　　It should be noted, however, that the term 'innovation' is used by many authors rather interchangeably with the term 'creativity' when discussing individual and organizational creative activity. As Davila et al (2006) comment,
　　"Often, in common parlance, the words creativity and innovation are used interchangeably. They shouldn't be, because while creativity implies coming up with ideas, it's the "bringing ideas to life" . . . that makes innovation the distinct undertaking it is."
　　The distinctions between creativity and innovation discussed above are by no means fixed or universal in the innovation literature. They are however observed by a considerable number of scholars in innovation studies.
(泰戈尔是垂柳 纪伯伦是沙砾)
Types of innovation
　　Scholars have identified at a variety of classifications for types innovations. Here is an unordered ad-hoc list of examples:
　　Business model innovation
　　involves changing the way business is done in terms of capturing value .
Marketing innovation
　　is the development of new marketing methods with improvement in product design or packaging, product promotion or pricing.
　　Organizational innovation
　　involves the creation or alteration of business structures, practices, and models, and may therefore include process, marketing and business model innovation.
Process innovation
　　involves the implementation of a new or significantly improved production or delivery method.
Product innovation
　　involves the introduction of a new good or service that is new or substantially improved. This might include improvements in functional characteristics, technical abilities, ease of use, or any other dimension.
Service innovation
　　typically refers to service product innovation which might involve, compared to goods product innovation or process innovation, relatively less technological advance, being more interactive and information-intensive (though some service firms have major technology efforts - think of ATMs and banks, for instance. Service innovation may also involve novelty in the way in which services are produced (i.e. service process innovation), or in delivery of other aspects of the service - including creative content in the case of entertainment and cultural services.
　　Supply chain innovation
　　where innovations occur in the sourcing of input products from suppliers and the delivery of output products to customers
　　Substantial innovation
　　introduces a different product or service within the same line, such as the movement of a candle company into marketing the electric lightbulb.
Financial innovation
　　through which new financial services and products are developed, by combining basic financial attributes (ownership, risk-sharing, liquidity, credit) in progressive innovative ways, as well as reactive exploration of borders and strength of tax law. Through a cycle of development, directive compliance is being sharpened on opportunities, so new financial services and products are continuously shaped and progressed to be adopted. The dynamic spectrum of financial innovation, where business processes, services and products are adapted and improved so new valuable chains emerge, therefore may be seen to involve most of the above mentioned types of innovation.
　　Incremental innovations
　　is a step forward along a technology trajectory, or from the known to the unknown, with little uncertainty about outcomes and success and is generally minor improvements made by those working day to day with existing methods and technology (both process and product), responding to short term goals. Most innovations are incremental innovations. A value-added business process, this involves making minor changes over time to sustain the growth of a company without making sweeping changes to product lines, services, or markets in which competition currently exists.
　　Breakthrough, disruptive or radical innovation
　　involves launching an entirely novel product or service rather than providing improved products & services along the same lines as currently. The uncertainty of breakthrough innovations means that seldom do companies achieve their breakthrough goals this way, but those times that breakthrough innovation does work, the rewards can be tremendous. Involves larger leaps of understanding, perhaps demanding a new way of seeing the whole problem, probably taking a much larger risk than many people involved are happy about. There is often considerable uncertainty about future outcomes. There may be considerable opposition to the proposal and questions about the ethics, practicality or cost of the proposal may be raised. People may question if this is, or is not, an advancement of a technology or process. Radical innovation involves considerable change in basic technologies and methods, created by those working outside mainstream industry and outside existing paradigms. Sometimes it is very hard to draw a line between both.
　　New technological systems (systemic innovations)
　　that may give rise to new industrial sectors, and induce major change across several branches of the economy.
Social innovation
　　a number of different definitions, but predominantly refers to either innovations that aim to meet a societal need or the social processes used to develop an innovation

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