这一对形容词是同义词,但修辞意味有所不同。
Little 往往带有感情色彩,有指小和可爱的意味,它的对义词是great或big.
Small是中性词,不带感情色彩,它的反义词是large.通过下列词语的比较,我们可以分辨它们的隐含意义:
a little house 含义是小巧玲珑的房子
a small house 含义是面积或容量不大的房子
a little girl 含义是可爱的或可怜的小女孩
a small girl 含义是年龄或身材不大的女孩
a little town 含义是可爱的小镇
a small town 含义是面积不大或人口不多的小镇
值得注意的是,little和small在修饰某些名词时,会产生不同的意思。例如:
little money 是没有多少钱
small money 是面额小的钱币
下面两个句子的涵义并不相同,请注意:
He has no small chance of success.
他大有成功的可能。
He has not the smallest chance of success.
他并没有成功的可能。
一百多年前,有些英美作家用littler,littlest作为little的比较级和最高级,如 the littlest child;the littler house.这种英语在现代英语中已看不到了。
上面谈到great和large是little和small的对语,这里举两个例子予以说明great和large的区别:
a great man是一个伟大的人物,意指他具有高贵的品质或惊人的成就。
a large man是一个身材高大的人,意指他的外表长得高大,并不指他的品性、能力或工作而言。
a great dog是一条大得令人望而生畏的狗,它带有畏惧的感情色彩。
a large dog 是一条大狗,并无感情色彩在内。
不定式动词的用法不定式动词(Infinitive)的形式是:“to + 原动词”, 如:to come, to go, to play, to read, to listen, to sing等等。
在一般情况下,“to + 原动词”必须靠拢,但在某些情况里,“to”和原动词可以被适当的副词(Adverb)分开,在某些动词句型里,“to”则必须省略。
在什么情况下,不定式动词的两部份可以分开呢?分开的目的何在?在大多数场合里,不定式动词两部分不分开,只有在特殊环境里才准许让副词加入,以便更准确地,更自然地反映某些实际情况。看看下面三个句子:
(1) Bob failed completely to fulfil his duties.
(2) Bob failed to fulfil his duties completely.
(3) Bob failed to completely fulfil his duties.
在(1)里,状态副词“Completely”既可修饰谓语动词“failed”,也可修饰不定式动词“to fulfil”。在 (2) 里,“completely”和被修饰的不定式动词离开太远,力道不足,效果欠佳。在 (3) 里,“completely”夹在不定式动词两部份之间,把它修饰得既自然又贴切;这个位置,在三个句子中,可说是最恰当的了。
同样的,(4)比(5)紧凑;(6)比(7)扎实:
(4) It was wrong for Mr Lim to suddenly quit the job.
(5) It was wrong for Mr Lim suddenly to quit the job.
(6) Is it possible for a chaotic country to further develop its economy?
(7) Is it possible for a chaotic country to develop its economy further?
由于不定式动词的两部分在适当时分开有其优点,这种用法,在现代英语里越来越普遍。例如:
(8) Civil servants were urged to better serve the public.
(9)The Economic Development Board has just announced some new plans to further promote the economic development.
(10) I don't want you to be forever criticising your friends' good efforts.
(11) The new manager wanted the new scheme to be properly implemented.
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