一、引出话题( to state a topic )
       as for; as to; as regards; with regard to; in regard to; regarding; concerning; so far as ... be concerned; in the case of；when it comes to.至于；关于；就……而言。

      1）关于他的建议，我们将充分地讨论。

      In regard to his suggestions we shall discuss them fully.
      2）至于你害羞的问题，只要在任何要事之前做好充分准备，你会克服掉的。

      As for being shy, you’ll get over that as long as you are well prepared before you do anything important.

      3）我很擅长数学，但至于英语，我全然不明白。

      I’m good at mathematics, but when it comes to English, I’m completely at sea.

      4）就我个人而言，我不反对你的计划。

      As far as I am concerned, I’m not against your plan.

      二、强调( to emphasize )
       1. certainly确实地 2. indeed确实地 3. surely确实地 4. above all尤其；最重要者 5. most important ( of all )最重要的是9. in particular尤其；特别 10. particularly尤其 11. especially特别地；主要地
      1）小孩子该做的最重要的事是学好功课。

      What a child should do, most important, is to do well in his studies.

      2）他强壮，勇敢，最重要的是他诚实。

      He is strong, brave and, above all, honest.
      3）患难之交才是真正的朋友。

      A friend in need is a friend indeed.
      4）旅游可以使人增长见闻，尤其对年轻人。

      Travel can broaden a person’s horizon, especially for young people.

      三、举例( to illustrate )
       1. for example/ for instance 2. such as 3. like

      for example/ for instance

      1)意为用来举例说明，有时可作为独立语，插在句中，不影响句子其他部分的语法关系。可放在例子前也可放在例子后。 

      ① 我的好多同学，比如王一，非常喜欢下棋。

      A lot of my classmates, for example Wang Yi, enjoy playing chess. 

      ② 很多伟人出身贫寒,林肯就是一例。
      Many great people rose from poor backgrounds -- Lincoln for example.

      2）for example/ for instance 后面可以跟句子。

      她靠不住：举例说，昨天她又说慌了。

      You can't depend on her: for instance, she told lies again yesterday.
      such as和like

      1）只能放在例子之前，表示列举，一般不全部列出。

      Cartoon characters such as Mickey Mouse and Snoopy are still popular with youngsters.

      卡通人物，如米老鼠和史努比，在儿童中仍很受欢迎。

      2) 有时可以分开使用

      He has several such reference books as dictionaries and handbooks.

      他有几本像字典、手册之类的参考书。
      四、解释. 1. namely那就是；2. that is那就是；3. in other words换言之；4. that is to say换言之；那就是说；5. to put it in another way换言之

      1) 只有一个人能回答这个问题,那就是你。

      Only one person can answer the question, namely you.

      2) 他近来工作过度，身体也不大好，也就是说，他需要休假。

      He has been working too much, and is not at all well. In other words, he needs a holiday.

      3）竞争强迫我们改变。换句话说，竞争导致改变并且，在某种程度上说，改变意味着进步。

      Competition forces us to change. To put it in another way, competition leads to changes and that, to a certain degree, means progress.

      四、增加或附属( to add ) 表示“除此之外和递进关系”的连接词：
      1. in addition而且；此外 2. furthermore而且；更有甚者 3. also也；而且 4. moreover而且；更有甚者 5. again而且 6. and而且 7. besides而且 8. what’s worse更糟糕的是 9. what's more而且
      1) 他似乎不想去那儿,再加他的衣服也不够体面。

      He seemed to have no desire to go there; besides, his clothes were not good enough.

      2) 骑自行车是一种好的锻炼方式，而且它也不会污染空气。

      Bicycling is good exercises; moreover, it doesn’t pollute the air.
      3) 我赶不上巴士，不得不走回家，而且那时正在下雨，我全身都湿透了。

      I missed the bus and had to walk home. What's more (worse), it was raining and I got all wet.

      五、比较( to compare )尤其是相同性质的比较
       1. like像 2. likewise同样地 3. in the same way同样地 4. similarly同样地 5. too也 6.equally important同样重要地
      1) 我们应该养成分类垃圾的习惯。同样重要的是，我们应该勤俭节约。

      We should get into the habit of classifying garbage. Equally important, we should practice economy.

      2) 我们的生活水平在提高，同样，我们的生活成本也在增加。
      Our living standard is rising; similarly, our living cost is increasing.

      3) 要实现这一目标，必须有雄心壮志，同样还得十分努力。

      To achieve this goal, you must have ambition; likewise you need to exert great efforts.
      六、对比关系或相反的意思( to contrast )
       1. unlike不像 2. in contrast相反地 3. on the other hand另一方面 4. for another thing另一方面 5. on the contrary相反地 6. instead代替；更换；反而 7. but然而；但是  8. however然而 9. still然而 10. yet然而  
      1）我觉得它并不丑，恰恰相反，它挺美。

      It doesn't seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think it's rather beautiful.

      2）毕业的时候，我们没有举行晚宴，而是，我们决定把这些钱买了书捐献给了希望工程。

      At our graduation, we didn’t hold the dinner party. Instead, we decided to buy books and donate them to    “Hope project”.

      3) 一方面你接受你父母的资助，另一方面你对他们很粗鲁。你到底对他们什么态度？

      On one hand you accept your parents’ support; on the other hand, you are rude to them. What really is your attitude to them?

      七、让步( to concede )
      1. nevertheless尽管如此 2. of course当然 3. clearly确实地 4. naturally自然地 5. perhaps或许6. after all毕竟
      1). 我们不能照你的建议去办。不过承蒙您提出来，分感谢。

      We can't act on your advice. Nevertheless, thank you for giving it.
      2). 我不明白你为什么这样担心，这毕竟不是你的问题。

      I don’ know why you are so concerned; after all, it isn’t your problem.

      3). 应付这种情况对你老师很困难，当然，你可以指望我。

      It is hard for you to deal with the situation; of course. You can count on me.

      八、结果( to state a consequence )
       1. therefore 2. consequently 3. as a result 4. thus 5. accordingly 6. hence以上皆表「因此」，「所以」，「结果」 7. so所以；因此
      1） 他患了流行性感冒，因此未能前来参加宴会。

      He was down with the flu, and therefore couldn't come to the party.
      2）世上有两种蠢人：一种说：“这是旧的，所以好”；另一种说：“这是新的，所以更好。”

      There are two kinds of fools: one says" This is old, therefore it is good; the other says" This is new, therefore it is better"

      3) 他们没有准备好面对机遇，因此他们在机遇面前只是哀叹。

      They aren’t prepared to face opportunities, and thus they can do nothing but sigh.

      4）有些人过分雄心勃勃，因此他们总是闷闷不乐。

      Some people are over-ambitious. As a result, they are usually unhappy.
      九、综合；总结( to sum up )
       1. to sum up 2. to summarize 3. to conclude 4. in sum ( in summary )5. in conclusion以上皆表「总之」 6. in brief 7. in short 8. in a word 9. to be short 10. in a nutshell以上皆表「简言之」 11. by and large一般来说 12. finally最后 13. in general一般而言 14. on the whole整个来说 15. generally speaking大体而言；一般而论
      1）最后，我要感谢你们为我所做的一切。

      In conclusion, I'd like to thank you for all you've done for me.
      2）他聪明有礼，又知分寸，简言之，他值得夸奖。

      He is smart, polite, and well-behaved. In a word, he is admirable.

      3）一般来讲，女性比男性寿命长，部分是因为前者比后者眼泪多。

      Generally speaking, women live longer than men, partly because the former have more tears than the latter.

 

      状语从句和其他结构的互换

      时间状语从句

      时间状语从句和表示时间的介词短语之间的转化：As 表示“随着”引导状语从句和with引导短语之间的转化；      when/as/as soon as与on/upon（后接动名词或者具有动作意义的名词）之间的转化。

      ① 随着社会经济的发展和科技水平的进步，人们的生活水平不断得到改善，我们却发现自己与大自然日渐疏远。

      As social economy is developing and science and technology is improving, people’s living standard is being increased, but we find that we become more estranged from nature.

      →With the development of social economy and the improvement of technology, people’s living standard is being increased, but we find that we become more estranged from nature.

      ② 一看到那个在水里挣扎的小孩儿，他就毫不犹豫地跳进河里。

      As soon as he saw the child struggling in the water, he didn’t hesitate to jump into the river.

      →On/Upon seeing the child struggling, he didn’t hesitate to jump into the river.

      ③ 在他们到达机场时，向他们献了花。

      They were presented with flowers on/upon (their) arrival at the airport.

      条件状语从句和

      1、if条件状语从句与in case of （“如果， 万一”，后接名词、代词或动名词）、with/without等介词或介词词组的互换。

      1）如果有困难，我们不应该立即就请求别人帮忙，而是应该想方设法自己克服它们。

      If we are in difficulty, we shouldn’t turn to others for help at once but try every means to overcome it ourselves.

      →If in difficulty, we shouldn’t turn to others for help at once but try every means to overcome it ourselves.

      → In case of difficulty, we shouldn’t turn to others for help at once but try every means to overcome it ourselves.

      2）如果没有坚强的意志，你将永远摆脱不了网瘾（network addiction）。

      I can’t finish the work in time if you don’t help me.

      →I can’t finish the work in time without your help.

      2、条件状语从句和并列句之间的转化：and，or/otherwise接在祈使句之后，引导一个暗含的条件状语从句。

珍惜我们的青春吧，否则我们会让它留下遗憾的。（浪费青春，你会留下遗憾的。）

      ① Treasure our youth, otherwise we will make it leave regrets.(=if you don’t seize the chance, you’ll regret it.)

      ② Lose the chance, and you’ll regret it.(=if you lose the chance, you’ll regret it.)

 

      练习：把下面的汉语翻译成英语。

      1、随着人们生活水平的提高，人们对健康问题越来越重视。

 

      2、一到那儿，我们就马上动手干起来了。

 

      3、她刚坐下来，就听见有人敲门。

 

      4、如果这个问题不马上处理的话，它会变得更加糟糕。

 

      5、为确保安全, 驾车或骑自行车时，请勿戴着耳机。

 

      6、当我们正在举行野餐的时候，忽然大雨倾盆。

 

      7、他突然大笑起来，过了一些时候才得以克制自己。

 

      8、努力学习吧，否则期末考试不会通过的。

 

      9、无论你什么时候你有麻烦，请立即和我们联系，我们都会乐意尽我们所能帮你。

 

      10、我还没来得及接电话，电话就挂断了。

 

 

      答案：

      1. With the improvement of our life (As our life is improving)，people are paying more and more attention to health.

      2. On arrival/arriving there (As soon as we arrived there ), we began to work immediately.

      3. Hardly had she sat down (She had sat down) when she heard someone knocking at the door.

      4. The problem will get worse if not dealt with (if it is not dealt with=unless deal with).

      5. To ensure safety, do not wear the headphones while driving or cycling.

      6. We were having a picnic, when suddenly there came a downpour (when it rained cats and dogs).

      7. He burst out laughing, and it was some time before he could control himself.

      8. Work hard, otherwise/or you will not pass the final examination.

      9. Whenever in difficulty, don’t hesitate to contact us. We are willing to do what we can to help you.

      10. The telephone rang off (hung up) before I could answer it.

 

      三、 原因状语从句

      2、原因状语从句和原因状语短语之间的转换。引导原因状语的短语：because of，thanks to，owing to，on account of，for，due to等。

      1）幸亏你及时帮忙,我们才按时完成了任务。

      Because you get us a timely help, we accomplished the task on time.

      → Thanks to your timely help，we accomplished the task on time.
      2) 由于有这么些的磨难，我才有机会磨炼自己的意志。

      Since there are so many hardships, I have the opportunity to improve my character.

      → Due/owing to so many hardships, I have the opportunity to improve my character.

 

      四、让步状语从句

      2、让步状语从句与表示让步意义的短语之间的转换。引导让步意义短语的有：in spite of, despite，regardless of， for all(considering how little/much/many)。

      ① 尽管他遇到很多磨难和失败，但他依然坚持的自己目标。

      In spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through.

      ②我们决不能不顾父母的对我们的爱而随意和他们争论。

      He was determined to help those tigers in danger regardless of danger.

      ③ 她虽然很富有,但并不幸福。

      For all her wealth, she is not happy.

      五、结果状语从句

      含有结果状语从句的句子和简单句之间的转化。引导结果状语从句的连接词有：so…that…, such …that…；引导具有结果状语意义的短语有：too…to…, enough to …, so … as to …；表示“导致”的动词词组有：result in; lead to, contribute to等。

      ① 我们不能太专注于我们生活的细节以至于忽略了我们在前进的方向。

 

      ②自信、雄心，加上决心和毅力等因素是造成最终的成功或失败的原因。
       Factors such as self-condidence and ambition , combined with determination and willpower , contribute to eventual success or failure .
      他太粗心了以至于犯了好多错。

      He was so careless that he made lots of mistakes.

      → He was so careless as to make lots of mistakes.

      → His carelessness resulted in lots of mistakes.

      六、目的状语从句

      含有目的状语从句的句子和简单句之间的转化。引导目的状语从句的连接词有：so that，in order that，in case（以防万一；以免）；引导表示“目的”的短语：to do, in order to, so as to do, in case of(以防)。

      你在课堂上要认真做笔记是为了不忘知识要点。

      She takes notes carefully in class so that she can’t forget key points.

      → She takes notes carefully in class in case she can forget key points.

      → She takes notes carefully in class not to(in order not to/so as not to) forget key points.

  

      练习：

      1、我们应该节约用水，以免某一天我们把最后一点水变成我们的眼泪。

      2、为了弥补耽搁的时间，在过去的几天里面，她一直挑灯夜战。

      3、当我看医生的时候，我总是带些读物，以防自己不得不等待。

      4、我已经足够大了, 有权去做我喜欢做的事。

      5、既然你已是个大学生了，就应当学着独立，不靠父母的帮助。

      6、无论有什么困难，我们都要坚持我们的目标。

      7、虽然说他是一个好学生，但有时也会犯错。毕竟，人无完人。

      8、尽管自信是一种健康的品质，但过分自信是有害的。

      ② 虽然他付出了巨大的努力，但是他还是不能按时达到自己的目的地。

      答案：(翻译方法不止一种，请同学们多翻译几种。)

      1. We should save water in case the last drop of water will become our tear some day.

      2. In order to make up for the lost time, she has been staying up late in the past few days.

      3. I always take something to read when I go to the doctor，s in case I have to wait.

      4. I'm old enough to have the freedom to do as I like.

      5. Since /now that you are a college student, you should learn to be independent of your parents.

      6. Whatever difficulties we may come across, we should stick to our goals.

      7. Good student as he is, he makes mistakes sometimes. Every man has his faults.

      8. In spite of the fact that confidence is a healthy quality, overconfidence is nothing but harmful (does great harm).

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