定语从句是各类从句学习的重点,也是难点。同学们在学习中常遇到一些难题,出现一些错误。下面就几个难点作一讲析。
一、如何正确使用连接主从句的引导词
一个定语从句的引导词是用关系代词还是关系副词,这是同学们首先遇到的一个难题,由于把握不准,所以出错较多。请看以下例子:
1.
A. That is the school _____________we studied three years ago.
B. That is the school ____________ we built three years ago.
2.
A. I've forgotten the exact day ______ he gave me the film copy.
B. I've forgotten the exact day ______ he fixed for me to have the operation.
3.
A. Beijing is a city ____________ there is the famous Summer Palace.
B. Beijing is China's political and cultural center, ____________ has the most universities.
这三组句子中的A、B句看上去很相近,因此,同学们在判断空格线上所使用的引导词时很容易出错。我们来作一解析:上述各组A句中先行词所表示的是从句中谓语动词动作发生的地点或时间,如1A句空格中指的是in the school, 2A句空格中指的是on the day, 3A句空格中指的是in the city,因此,引导词指的是状语,从句谓语动词与先行词之间是一种"谓状"关系,要分别用 where, when, where;而上面各组B句中的先行词表示的是定语从句的宾语或主语,如1B句中的 built the school, 2B句中的fixed the day, 3B句中的the place has,从句谓语动词与先行词之间是一种"动宾"或"主谓"关系,因此,引导词要用关系代词that或which(3B句是一个非限制性定语从句,只能用which)。
通过解析我们可知:判断是用关系代词还是关系副词要看先行词在从句中的指代。如果是谓语与状语的关系,就用关系副词,如果是主谓或是动宾关系就用关系代词。
二、弄清几个问题
1. 区别清"It +be"引导的强调句与带有定语从句的复合句。请看下列两组句子:
A. It was September 11, 2001 ________ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.
B. It was on September 11, 2001_______ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.
A. It was Wuhan ____________ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.
B. It was in Wuhan ____________ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.
以上两组A、B句除了分别相差介词on 和in之外,其余部分完全相同。但一词之差句式不同,横线上的词也不同。那么究竟哪个是强调句,哪个是含定语从句的复合句呢?有一个简单的判定方法:去掉It was和连接词(横线部分)。如果剩余部分仍是一个完整的句子,则是强调句;否则,那个空格中所用的引导词及其引导的部分就是定语从句。根据这个原则我们就很容易判断出两组的A句是含定语从句的复合句,横线部分分别用关系副词when 和where。而B句则是强调句,横线部分应是that。
2. 定冠词的有无
有时定冠词在句中有决定性的作用。有无定冠词影响着定语从句的结构。如:
(1) This is one of the books that_______ (sell) well in the bookstore.
(2) This is the one of the books that _________ (sell) well in the bookstore.
sell取单数还是复数?分析:在(1)中,that 引导的定语从句修饰的是the books, 而(2)中one前有了一个the, 句子重心前移,这时从句修饰的是the one。因此(1)应用sell, (2)应用sells。
再看:
(1) Is this the boy _______ you want to talk to?
(2) Is this boy __________ you want to talk to?
在这两个句子中,(1)the boy 是先行词,它在主句中是表语,定语从句修饰的是主句的表语,因此空格处应用whom, that(甚至who 也可以); 但(2)则不同,从结构上看,这个主句不全,this boy是主语,is是系动词,没有表语(先行词),所以首先要补上先行词(名词或代词),写成Is this boy the boy ______ you want to talk to?这里boy重复,用one代替,然后再在空白处加上关系代词whom(who),或that,即是Is this boy the one whom (that) you want to talk to?
3. 注意标点符号的形式
有时我们会见到这样的句子:
(1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table, _________ read: "I've left for Harbin."
(1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table. __________ read: "I've left for Harbin."
一个标点符号决定一个句子的结构。在(1)中,横线前是一个逗号,说明逗号前后是一个句子的两个部分。根据句意可知逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句,因此横线部分用which。(2)中前后两句之间用了句号,说明前后是两个独立的句子,因此,空格处应填入能作主语,代替a note的代词。因为指物,故用It。
超越语法: 定语从句典型错误剖析
定语从句是中学英语中的一个重要语法项目,学生们在学习和使用中出现了这样或那样的错误。现将其中的一些典型错误句例总结如下,供大家引以为鉴。
1. Is this the pen your father bought it for you?
答案:去掉it。
解析:定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当一定的成分。因此从句中不能再出现与关系词作用相同的代词或名词,以避免重复。误句中省略的关系代词(which/that)作bought的宾语,故it是多余的。
2. Have you been to the company where she works there?
答案:去掉there。
解析:关系副词已作了working的地点状语。
3. I shall never forget the days when I spent with you.
答案:将when改为which/that。
解析:先行词在定语从句中作spent的宾语,故用which/that,而when在从句中只作时间状语。
4. Is this all what you want to say?
答案:将what改为that。
解析:先行词为指物的不定代词时,其后的定语从句用that来引导,作宾语时也可省略。而what不能引导定语从句。
5. He lived in a house, in front of it he planted some beautiful flowers.
答案:将it改为which。
解析:这是一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句, which在从句中作介词宾语。
6. Mother came back on December 21 when was my birthday.
答案:将when改为which。
解析: which指代时间(December 21)作定语从句的主语。
7. This is the ring for which she is looking.
答案:将for移到looking之后。
解析:look for是固定短语动词,不能够拆开使用。
8. Is this history museum that some foreign friends visited last week?
答案:在that前加the one。
解析:犯这类错误的主要原因是错把this history museum看作是定语从句的先行词。根据句子结构,this history museum应是主句的主语。故应添加一个定语从句的先行词the one作主句中的表语。
9. This is the monitor her English is the best in our class.
答案:将her改为whose。
解析:用whose代替her引起定语从句,修饰先行词the monitor。
10. As you know it, he has left for Australia.
答案:去掉it。
解析:关系代词as作know的宾语,再使用it就重复了。
11. The meeting was put off, that was exactly what we wanted.
答案:将that改为which。
解析:that作为关系代词不能用于非限制定语从句中。此处which指代主句(The meeting was put off)。
12. I don't like the way which you treat your mother.
答案: 1)在which前加in。 2) 将which改为that。 3) 去掉which。
解析:当先行词the way在定语从句中作状语时,其关系代词可用that/in which或不用。
13. He told the good news to those who was present at the meeting.
答案:将was改为were。
解析:定语从句中的谓语动词,在数和人称上必须与主句中的先行词保持一致。该句的先行词是those, 故应用were。
14. The expert visited our school is from Shanghai.
答案:在visited前加who。
解析:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略。
15. Who's the old man whom you just shook hands?
答案:在hands后加上with。
解析:定语从句中的关系代词whom作with的宾语,故介词with不能省略。
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