2U1 Grammar and usage
Present perfect tense & Present perfect continuous tense
一、现在完成时
1、构成 have/has done
2、用法
I表示过去发生的事对现在具有影响。
1）Justin has disappeared, so elly is very sad.
2）The boy is happy. He has caught a bird.
II表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在或者还将持续下去。
1）I have not seen Justin since Last Friday night.
2) Daniel has lived in Beijing since he came to China.
III表示动作的确切时间不明确或不重要。此时下列词汇经常和现在完成时连用：already, ever, never, for, just, lately/ recently, since, yet。
1）The boy has already come home.
2）I haven’t heard anything from him yet.
其中，for + 一段时间，since + 某个时间点。
e.g. We haven’t seen him for two days. We haven’t seen him since last onday.
IV表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复的动作。
1）Some villagers say that they have seen UFOs many times.
2）I have advised him to give up smoking many times, but he just won’t listen to me.
V 现在完成时还可用于下列句型中：
This/It is the best/ finest/ most interesting … + that- clause,
This/It is the first/ second… time + that- clause, that 从句中的谓语动词一般用现在完成时。
It is/ has been a period of time since + 一般过去时
1）This is the best book that I have read.
2）It is the first time that I have seen the film.
3）It is/ has been a long time since I came to Wuxi.
3、注意
1）现在完成时不和明确的表示时间的词连用，如yesterday, last week, in 1976等。
2）表示短暂意义的动词，如begin, leave, arrive, return, stop, open, go, come, die等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
* Read the following sentences and say T or F .
(1) He has come to Beijing since last year. F
(2) He has been here for three years. T
(3) He has joined the army for three years F
(4) He has been a solider for 3 years. T
(5) It is 3 years since he joined the army. T
(6) He has joined the army. T
二、现在完成进行时
1、构成 have/has been doing
e.g. I haven’t been sleeping well since I returned home.
2、用法
表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，可能刚刚停止，也可能仍然在进行。
1）-- Sorry, I’m late. Have you been waiting long?
-- Yes. I have been waiting (wait) for an hour.
2) She is very tired. She has been working (work) all morning.
3) The man started working in the field half an hour ago. He is still working no
The man has been working (work) in the field for half an hour.
4) The boy started having dinner five minutes ago. He is still having dinner no
The boy has been having (have) dinner since five minutes ago.
3、注意
现在完成进行时多用持续性动词，如do, live, learn, lie, stay, wait, stand, study等，
常和all the time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等表示现在之前这一段时间的状语以及since和 for引导的时间状语或从句连用。
e.g. He has been watching television all day.
I have been learning English for three years.
She’s been playing tennis since she was eight.
This whole week, he has been training some new employees.
He has been smoking too much recently.
三、现在完成时和现在完成进行时的比较
1、现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，强调结果；而现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性，强调“一直”，往往表示动作仍未结束。
I have been reading this novel. 我一直在读这本小说。（书不一定看完）
I have read two novels. 我已读过两本小说。（动作已完成）
I have been writing letters. 我一直都在写信。
I have written three letters. 我已经写完三封信了。
2、有些动词如study, work, live用两种时态都可以，意思差别不大。
I have lived here since 1990. / I have been living here since 1990.
They have studied the problem for quite some time. / They have been studying the problem for quite some time.
3、有些动词动词本身表示一种持续的状态，一般不用现在完成进行时，如be, know, love, remember, understand, see, like, last。
I’ve known him for many years.
They have not seen each other for a long time.
The war has lasted for a long time.
动词填空
1. How long ______ you _____________ (do) this work? (have, been waiting)
2. There you are. I _________________ (wait) for an hour. (have been waiting)
3. Why are your clothes so dirty? What ______ you ___________ (do)? (have, done)
4. There ______________ (be) two world wars in the past hundred years. (have, been)
5. He _____ never _________ (drive) a car before. (has, driven)
6. We _____________________ (marry) for three years. (have been married)
7. --- ______ you _________ (find) your dog? (Have, found) --- No.
8. I ______________ (not see) Lucy since last Friday night. (haven’t seen)
9. We _________________ (fish) all afternoon, but we _____________ (not catch) any fish yet. (have been fishing; haven’t caught)
10. This is the most interesting film I __________________ (see). (have seen)

巩固练习
1.Now that she is out of job, Lucy _____B___ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
A. had considered B. has been considering
C. considered D. is going to consider
2.The crazy fans __B_______ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived.
A. were waiting B. had been waiting C had waited D. would wait.
3.The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I __C___ before.
A. was having B. have C. have ever had D. had ever had
4.Listen to the two girls by the windo What language ___C___ ?
A. did they speak B. were they speaking
C. are they speaking D. have they been speaking
5.He ___D____ more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.
A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned
6.By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _C____ for London to attend a meeting.
A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left
7.Father __D___ for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him.
A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left
8.illions of pounds’ worth of damage _A___ by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.
A. has been caused B. had been caused
C. will be caused D. will have been caused
9.y brother is an actor. He ___C_____ in several films so far.
A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
10.The country life he was used to _B_____ greatly since 1992.
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
11.--- Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
--- Oh! I thought they __C______ without me.
A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone
12.Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science _C___ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill.
A. showed B. will show C. has shown D. is showing
13.--- Is Bob still performing?
--- I’m afraid not. He is said _A___ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left
14. Unfortunately, when I got there, she __D___, so we had only time for a feords.
A. just leftB. had just left C. has just left D. was just leaving
15.The weather makes so much trouble. It __C____ every day so far this week.
A. will rain B. rainsC. has rainedD. rained
16.The last time I __D____ Jane, she ______cotton in the fields.
A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked
C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking
17. Ann __A____ me her address but I’m afraid I ______ it.
A. gave; have lostB. had given; have lost
C. gives; lost D. had given; lost
18.—You may find the key to the maths problem on page 10.
—Ah, it’s so simple. I wonder why I __C____ of that.
A. hadn’t thoughtB. haven’t thought C. didn’t thinkD. wouldn’t think
19.—I heard the peasants here ___C___ very poor in the past.
—Yes, but there ______ great changes in the past few years.
A. have been; have been B. have been; were
C. were; have been D. were; were
20.According to the timetable, the plane for shanghai _A_____at seven.
A. leaves B. has left C. left D. will leave
21.—What were you doing when the telephone rang?
—I __A______ away my books and __________ to bed.
A.had just put; was going B. was just putting; went
C. just put; had gone D. have just put; gone
22.—Have you finished your homework, ary?
—No, I _____C_____ my mother in the kitchen all day yesterday.
A. would help B. had helped C. was helping D. used to help
23.You shouldn’t go anywhere; the train__B____.
A. will leave B. is leaving C. leaves D. is to leave
24.He D___ articles for our wall newspaper these years, and he ___ about thirty articles.
A. has written, has written B. has been writing, wrote
C. is writing, has been written D. has been writing, has written
25.Tom was disappointed that most of guests _D____when he ______at the party.
A. left, had arrived B. had left, had arrived
C. left, arrived D. had left, arrived

高考链接
1. — I’m sure Andreill win the first prize in the final.
— I think so. He ___D_____ for it for months. (2008江苏)
A. is preparing B. was preparing
C. had been preparing D. has been preparing
2. By the time he realizes he _____D____ into a trap, it’ll be too late for him to do anything about it. (2008东)
A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked
3. So far this year we _D_ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.
A. saw B. see C. had seen D. have seen (08福建)
4. Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she __D___ English for a year. (2007湖南)
A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying
5. Danny __C__ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular. (2007福建)
A. works B. is working C. has worked D. had worked
6. —I have got a headache.
—No wonder. You ______C___ in front of that computer too long. (2007江西)
A. work B. are working C. have been working D. worked
7. The unemployment rate in this district ____A___ from 6% to 5% in the past two years. (2007上海)
A. has fallen B. had fallen C. is falling D. was falling
8. Now that she is out of job, Lucy _B__ going back to school，but she hasn’t decided yet.(北京)
A. had considered B. has been considering
C. considered D. is going to consider
9. —_A_____ you ______ him around the museum yet? (2007江苏)
—Yes. We had a great time there.
A. Have ; shown B. Do ; show C. Had; shown D. Did; show
10. —Hi, Tracy，you look pale.
—I am tired. I ___C____ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted

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