八年级（下）英语学科导学案
主备人：赵亚辉 课型：新授课　审核人：关学伟 时间：2011.04.30　
Unit 6　How long have you been collecting shells?
(Section A)
教师寄语：Custom makes all things easy.有个好习惯，事事皆不难。
一、学习目标
1) 单词与短语collect shell marathon skate pair since raise several.
2)目标句型：1. How long have you been doing…?
2. I’ve been doing…since…
3. How long did sb. do…?
4. He / She did sth. for…
3) 语法　现在完成进行时。
二、重点和难点
1．重点：现在完成进行时。
2．教学难点：现在完成进行时。
三、知识链接
一般过去时态。
四、学法指导：
通过小组合作学习，探究讨论，结合导学案及相关资料理解各知识点，掌握本节学习内容。
五、导学过程：
1. 组长带领组员预习现在完成进行时。
2. 组长带领组员通读课本from page 44 to 46,理解其含义并完成表格。
3. 组长带领组员熟读课文，并指定课堂朗读人选。
4. 组长带领组员找出课本(from page 44 to 46)的重要短语、句子。 并指定课堂展示人选。
5. 现在完成进行时
(一)引入
1) I stood here 5 minutes ago.
2) I am standing here now. 合并：I ____ _____ _____ here for 5 minutes.
3) I will stand here for a while.
(二)含义：现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，可能还要继续下去。现在完成进行时的句子中多用延续性动词，如：live，learn，study，work等。常和表示一段时间的时间状语连用（for, since）。

　　 past now future
(三)谓语结构：

have/has been doing sth.
助v. 过分
进行
现在完成
(1)I have been learning English for ten years. 我学英语已经十年了。
　　(2)I have been collecting stamps since I was ten years old. 我从十岁起就一直在集邮。
(3)Have you been doing your homework since this morning?
从今天早晨起你就一直在写作业吧？
　　(4)Has he been writing the letters to his friend? 他是一直在给他的朋友写信吗？
　　(5)I haven’t been seeing films for a long time. 我有很长时间没有看电影了。
（表明没有看电影这个动作从过去一直持续到现在，还要继续持续下去。）
思考：非延续性动词可以用于现在完成进行时吗？----------------------------------
(四)时间状语：
现在完成进行时常和表示一段时间的时间状语连用（for, since），对一段时间提问用how long.
1) for +一段时间
2) since + 过去的点时间，since 9:00, since last Sunday, since 3 days ago
从句（一般过去时态）
She has been skating since four hours ago.
She has been skating since she got here.
He has been studying since 9:00.
He has been living here since last Sunday.
▲for +一段时间与since+一段时间+ago转换：
She has been skating for four hours.= She has been skating since four hours ago.
(五)句型：
He has been living here since last Sunday.
1)否定句：
3）简略回答：
4）划线提问：
(六)现在完成进行时与一般过去时的区别：新课标第一网
(1) 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，可能还要继续下去，侧重的是动作的持续进行。与for/since短语和since从句连用。
(2) 一般过去时只表示过去的动作和状态，和现在没有联系，只和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last Friday, three days ago, in 1998等。
　 I have been skating for five hours.
（一直都在滑，现在还在滑，有可能会继续滑下去）
I skated for five hours. （过去滑过5个小时，与现在无关。）
(七)练习：
1）The running marathon _________(go) for three hours from this morning.
2) I have been dancing for 5 hours.(同义句)
I have been dancing 5 hours . xkb1.cn
3）He’s been collecting kites since he was ten years old. (划线提问)
_____ _____ _____ he been collecting kites?
4)Mr Zhang went to London 2 years ago. He is living there now. (同义句)
Mr Zhang ____ ____ ____ in London _____ 2 years.
5) They have been studying English for ten years. (划线提问)
____ _____ _____ they been studying English?
6)My grandfather has been playing sports _____ he was young.
A. for B. after C. in D. since
7) They have been living in this city____ 3 years ago.
A. for B. after C. since D. about
8) How long ____ they _____?
A.have, swim B. have, swiming C. have, been swimming D. has, swim
6. Alison was the first one to start．艾丽森是第一个开始(滑)的。
(1)“be the first / second one to do sth.”表示“……是第一/ 二个做某事的”。
　He is the last one to leave here. 他是最后—个离开这里的。
　She was the first one to get to school．她是第一个到校的。
(2)to start在这里是动词不定式作定语。
7. every和each
　(1)each两者或两者以上中的“每一个”，强调个体。
a) adj. 作定语，谓语用三单形式。Each student has a pen in his hand.
b)pron.单独用或与of 短语连用，作主语，谓语用三单形式。
Each has his weakness.
Each of the boys finishes his homework.
　(2)every adj. 只作定语，三者或三者以上中的“每一个”；强调整体相当于all, 不与of连用。
“every+单数名词”作主语谓语用三单形式。
Every student likes playing football.= All the students like playing football.
He reads every book in the library.= He reads all the books in the library.
____ of us has an English-Chinese dictionary.
A.Every B. Both C. Each D. All
Everyone should do _____ best to win the match.
A.his B. their C. her D. theirs
　8. raise vt.
a)募集、筹措 raise sth. for sb. They are raising money for the charity.
b)举起、抬起、提高Raise your hand if you know the answer.
c)种植、饲养、养育raise crops/flowers/dogs
rise vi. (rose, risen)升起、上升、起立、起床，说明主语自身移向较高的位置。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
六、学习小结
我的收获:_________________________________________________
七、达标检测：
Ⅰ. 单项选择
1. The flight from Beijing to New York ______ at 9:45 am. on Friday.
　A. gets off　 B. takes off　 C. puts up 　　D. gets up
2. — ______ have you been living here？　　　 — For ten years.
　A. How much　　　B. How many　　　C. How long　　　D. How soon
3. — _______ did you first skate?　　　 — Two years ago.
　A. When　　　B. What　　　C. Why　　　D. How
4. I have been skating _____ two hours.　A. in　　　B. at　　C. for　　　D.since
5. Thanks for ____ me the book.　A. gave　　B. giving　　C. give　　D. to give
6. We all helped him with his English so he didn’t _______ with his study.　
　A. fall off　　　B. fall down　　　C. fall behind　　　D. fall over
7. Mr Green _______ in China since five years ago.　
　A. lived　　　B. has been living　　　C. lives　　　D. is going to live
8. ＿＿＿ is the meeting going to last? ----About twenty minutes.　
　A. How far　　B. How soon 　　　C. How long 　　　D. How often
9. What shall we do now? ＿＿＿ for a walk?
　A. How's about to go B. What about to go　
C. How's about going　 D. What about going
10. Do you have another way of ＿＿＿ the child?
　A. teaching　　B. to teach 　　　C. teaches 　　　D. teach
11. There ______ a pair of sports shoes under the bed.
A. are B. is C. have D. has
12. There are many trees on _______ sides of the road.
A. each B. every C. both D. all
Ⅱ.用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1.—How long __________ your father________ (work) in the factory?
—Since he ___________ (leave) college.
2. How long __________ you __________ (listen) to music last night?
3. When ____________you ________ (attend) the after-school club?
4. He is always the first one ______ (arrive) at school and the last ______ (leave) school.
5. We _______ (be) friends for the whole ten years.
6. _________ (collect) old coins is my father’s hobby.
7. My father had me ______ (clean) my bike, but I had it ________ (clean) in the shop.
八、布置作业
《同步练习册》SectionA部分.

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